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Fight or Flight Hormone Response

 

With over half of all adults experiencing some trauma in their lifetime and almost 8% of the population experiencing PTSD, leaders will likely encounter the effects of the fight or flight hormone response (1).

In my previous article, our new pup showed us the triggering effect that can drastically change behavior. This article will further explore the science behind the fight or flight hormone response.

Combat

While I work in the private sector, most of those I currently lead have prior military experience.

This high concentration of military veterans has given us an incredibly dedicated and talented team. With that said, trauma exposure is something we need to be aware of. With the collective past trauma exposure to our staff, it is inevitable that at some point, behaviors and responses might become escalated.

While our high concentration of military veterans may not be typical, other trauma exposures can undoubtedly trigger those in the workforce.

ACEs

The CDC-Kaiser Permanente Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE Study) identified other trauma exposure statistics beyond our military communities. This study found that children that endured adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were at significant risk of succumbing to stress-related illnesses (2).   

Almost 66% of the ACE Study participants reported exposure to at least one ACE. One in five reported exposures to at least three ACEs.

Whether from combat experience or ACEs, many situations in the workplace can become triggers for the trauma-exposed. Triggers can create a rush of emotion that places us back in the traumatic event. Until we return from that traumatic place, we will likely exhibit behavior changes. For those with repeated trauma exposures, this takes time and often some help from those around them.

The Fight or Flight Hormone Response

So what happens in our bodies when we encounter a trauma trigger?

Neuroscience and biochemistry researchers have gained significant insight into the fight or flight hormone response over the last century. Even with a psychology degree, I won’t pretend to understand this response’s intricacies completely. With that said, I have found a higher-level explanation that I can get my head around.

There are two primary hormones in our bodies when we encounter a fight or flight situation: adrenaline and cortisol. Both play a significant role in helping our bodies quickly respond when facing threats. Adrenaline and cortisol work together in stressful situations to prepare the body for fight or flight. They increase the heart rate, they increase blood pressure, and they raise blood sugar levels. These changes tune the body for maximum effectiveness in a physical confrontation.

While adrenaline and cortisol work together in stressful situations, they also perform differing roles. Essentially adrenaline acts like the gas pedal for our bodies, and cortisol is like the brake pedal. As a car enthusiast with a lead foot, I can relate to this explanation. In the highest-performing racing machines, both pedals play essential roles in achieving victory.      

In his book “The Body Keeps the Score,” Dr. Bessel van der Kolk describes what happens to our bodies during repeated trauma exposure (3). The relationship between cortisol and PTSD provides interesting insight into trauma-causing triggers. For example, while adrenaline almost always increased during each trauma exposure, those with PTSD often saw decreases in cortisol levels in the body over time.

To stay with the race car analogy, decreased cortisol levels are like racing with low brake fluid. It’s easy to get the car up to speed quickly by mashing the “adrenaline gas pedal,” but pressing the “cortisol brake pedal” has little effect. It’s easy to see how this can be destructive.

Cortisol is the hormone that signals the brain that it is safe to go back to regular operation. This decreased cortisol level triggers the brain more quickly and keeps the brain triggered for much longer.

Trauma-Informed Leadership

Whether from combat experience and/or ACEs, we will likely encounter fight or flight hormone responses in the workplace. The first step for trauma-informed leaders is understanding that the triggering events could occur. The next step is understanding what is likely happening inside our bodies during these events.

In the next article, I will look at one more fight or flight hormone response and show how it can make it challenging to escape the effects of past trauma.

Previous in the series: Trauma-Informed Leadership

Next in the series: Addicted To Trauma?

Sources:

1 –https://www.ptsd.va.gov/unders...on/common_adults.asp

2 – https://www.cdc.gov/violencepr...tion/aces/about.html

3 – van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.

This article was reposted with permission from the Surrounded Leader.

Photo Credit: Airman 1st Class Christian Clausen

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@Josh Stumbo posted:

Agreed, it would be so helpful if we could teach kids (and some of us adults) words and tools to process what is happening in these situations.

I recently heard a podcast with Carey Niewhof and Dr. Karyn Gordon discussing the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Dr. Gordon stated: "Our thoughts drive how we feel. Our feelings drive our behavior."

Often as parents, we inadvertently invalidate our children's feelings and punish lousy behavior without looking at the root cause, the thought behind the emotion. Dr. Gordon explains we need to validate the feelings but then look behind them at the thought. I'll be the first to admit that this is hard. A mad 4-year-old is a force to be reckoned with!

The more I think about it; the same can be true in the workplace. We address behavior issues and encourage those we lead to keep their feelings in check. However, we rarely get to the thoughts behind those feelings. We give people the impression that a high EQ means we stuff feelings and don't let them show up in the workplace. This doesn't resolve the issue. It just creates pressure cookers that might eventually explode.                 



“Numerous psychological studies over the last forty years … tell us that, despite huge social change, the stereotypical image of the 'strong man' is still firmly with us at all ages, in all ethnic groups, and among all socio-economic backgrounds. In the face of problems, men tend not to seek out emotional or professional help from other people. They use, more often than women, alcohol or drugs to numb unpleasant feelings and, in crises, tend to try to deal with things on their own, instead of searching out closeness or help from others.”

The Highly Sensitive Man, 2019, Tom Falkenstein, psychologist/psychotherapist

_______

I wonder whether general male aggression, including the sexual, is related to the same constraining societal idealization of the ‘real man’ (albeit perhaps more subtly than in the past): He'd likely be stiff-upper-lip physically and emotionally strong, financially successful, confidently fights and wins, assertively solves problems, and exemplifies sexual prowess.

Last edited by Frank Sterle Jr.

Agreed, it would be so helpful if we could teach kids (and some of us adults) words and tools to process what is happening in these situations.

I recently heard a podcast with Carey Niewhof and Dr. Karyn Gordon discussing the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Dr. Gordon stated: "Our thoughts drive how we feel. Our feelings drive our behavior."

Often as parents, we inadvertently invalidate our children's feelings and punish lousy behavior without looking at the root cause, the thought behind the emotion. Dr. Gordon explains we need to validate the feelings but then look behind them at the thought. I'll be the first to admit that this is hard. A mad 4-year-old is a force to be reckoned with! 

The more I think about it; the same can be true in the workplace. We address behavior issues and encourage those we lead to keep their feelings in check. However, we rarely get to the thoughts behind those feelings. We give people the impression that a high EQ means we stuff feelings and don't let them show up in the workplace. This doesn't resolve the issue. It just creates pressure cookers that might eventually explode.                 

 

That's so sad, Josh. He's so lucky that he has parents who understand what's behind his anxiety, and that you're so patient with him. Speaking from my own experience, I'm not sure it's anything that can be outgrown, but I did learn to name and handle the anxiety. It took decades, because I didn't know what was going on (no understanding of PACEs in those days, and adults who weren't attached), but I think as soon as kids are taught words to describe what's happening and tools to handle situations, it doesn't get in the way as much. At least that's what I've witnessed.

Regarding early-life trauma, people tend to know (perhaps commonsensically) that they should not loudly quarrel when, for instance, a baby is in the next room; however, do they know about the intricacies of why not? Since it cannot fight or flight, a baby stuck in a crib on its back hearing parental discord in the next room can only “move into a third neurological state, known as a ‘freeze’ state … This freeze state is a trauma state” (Childhood Disrupted, pg.123). This causes its brain to improperly develop. It's like a form of non-physical-impact brain damage.

Also, it’s the unpredictability of a stressor, and not the intensity, that does the most harm? When the stressor “is completely predictable, even if it is more traumatic — such as giving a [laboratory] rat a regularly scheduled foot shock accompanied by a sharp, loud sound — the stress does not create these exact same [negative] brain changes” (pg.42).

Meantime, way too many people will still procreate, some prolifically even, regardless of their questionable ability to raise their children in a psychologically functional/healthy manner. ...  But due to the Only If It’s In My Own Back Yard mindset, however, the prevailing collective attitude (implicit or subconscious) basically follows: ‘Why should I care — my kids are alright?’ or ‘What is in it for me, the taxpayer, if I support social programs for other people’s troubled families?’

Great point @Frank Sterle Jr. regarding the unpredictability!

Sadly, we saw this when we were foster parents to an infant. The unpredictability that occurred due to the dynamics of the visitation process seemed to overwhelm his little developing brain. While we had him in our home within four days of his birth, the continual changes in visitation drivers, bio parents missing appointments, and the sobriety of the bio parents created an environment of chaos that became a challenge for him to process.     

What was most interesting was that he would start out screaming but become lethargic at the height of the chaos. It was a state of freeze. It wasn't until he came back to the stability of our home that he would snap out of it. It was as if a switch flipped once he realized where he was. Once it flipped, he became inconsolable until my wife held him.

Eventually, we adopted this little guy, but it's interesting to see how this trauma still affects him today. While he is a spunky, independent 4-year-old, he struggles with separation anxiety. It's challenging for him to be in situations where he doesn't have eyes on my wife or me.                         

Regarding early-life trauma, people tend to know (perhaps commonsensically) that they should not loudly quarrel when, for instance, a baby is in the next room; however, do they know about the intricacies of why not? Since it cannot fight or flight, a baby stuck in a crib on its back hearing parental discord in the next room can only “move into a third neurological state, known as a ‘freeze’ state … This freeze state is a trauma state” (Childhood Disrupted, pg.123). This causes its brain to improperly develop. It's like a form of non-physical-impact brain damage.

Also, it’s the unpredictability of a stressor, and not the intensity, that does the most harm? When the stressor “is completely predictable, even if it is more traumatic — such as giving a [laboratory] rat a regularly scheduled foot shock accompanied by a sharp, loud sound — the stress does not create these exact same [negative] brain changes” (pg.42).

Meantime, way too many people will still procreate, some prolifically even, regardless of their questionable ability to raise their children in a psychologically functional/healthy manner. ...  But due to the Only If It’s In My Own Back Yard mindset, however, the prevailing collective attitude (implicit or subconscious) basically follows: ‘Why should I care — my kids are alright?’ or ‘What is in it for me, the taxpayer, if I support social programs for other people’s troubled families?’

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