"More importantly for educators, the study, published online in the professional journal Learning and Instruction, suggests that student engagement—essential for success in school—is malleable, and can be improved by promoting a positive school environment. The result paves the way for future work to offer teachers diagnostic tools for recognizing disengagement, as well as strategies for creating a school environment more conducive to student engagement....
"By conducting a study linking students' perceptions of the school environment with behavior, the authors have provided one of the first pieces of empirical research supporting the viability of the multidimensional perspective, which had previously been largely theoretical....
"... The authors also measured students' perceptions of their environment by having them answer questions in five areas: school structure support, which gauged the clarity of teacher expectations; provision of choice, which assessed students' opportunities to make learning-related decisions; teaching for relevance, which evaluated the frequency of activities deemed relevant to students' personal interests and goals; students' perceptions of the emotional support offered by teachers; and students' perceptions of how positive their relationships were with fellow students...."
http://phys.org/news/2013-06-student-engagement-complex-changeable-thought.html
Wang & Eccles. (2013). "School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective." Learning and Instruction. Abstract.
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